Abstract Objective To describe the clinical results of patients admitted and managed as cases of placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) at a Central American public hospital and the influence of the prenatal diagnosis on the condition. Materials and Methods A retrospective analysis of PAS patients treated at Hospital Bertha Calderón Roque, in Managua, Nicaragua, between June 2017 and September 2021. The diagnostic criteria used were those of the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (Fédération Internationale de Gynécologie et d'Obstétrique, FIGO, in French). The population was divided into patients with a prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis of PAS (group 1) and those whose the diagnosis of PAS was established at the time of the caesarean section (group 2). Results During the search, we found 103 cases with a histological and/or clinical diagnosis of PAS; groups 1 and 2 were composed of 51 and 52 patients respectively. Regarding the clinical results of both groups, the patients in group 1 presented a lower frequency of transfusions (56.9% versus 96.1% in group 2), use of a lower number of red blood cell units (RBCUs) among those undergoing transfusions (median: 1; interquartile range: [IQR]: 0–4 versus median: 3; [IQR]: 2–4] in group 2), and lower frequency of 4 or more RBCU transfusions (29.4% versus 46.1% in group 2). Group 1 also exhibited a non-significant trend toward a lower volume of blood loss (1,000 mL [IQR]: 750–2,000 mL versus 1,500 mL [IQR]: 1,200–1,800 mL in group 2), and lower requirement of pelvic packing (1.9% versus 7.7% in group 2). Conclusion Establishing a prenatal diagnosis of PAS is related to a lower frequency of transfusions. We observed a high frequency of prenatal diagnostic failures of PAS. It is a priority to improve prenatal detection of this disease.

ABSTRACT The characterization and evaluation of phytogenetic resources, based on their content of fatty acids and in volatile organic compounds (VOC) allow to determine their potential usefulness. There have been few recent studies related to the VOC found in avocado, which can vary depending on the place of origin, genetics and phenotypes. These compounds have been associated to healthy benefits effects. The objective of the present work was to present the current literature review of the phytochemistry of creole avocado compared to commercial varieties. VOC were found to confer an aroma profile that identifies various varieties, and that fatty acids are responsible for the synthesis of some VOC. In the creole avocado leaf, 26 VOC were identified, being 8 monoterpenoids, 7 sesquiterpenes, 6 phenylpropanoids and 4 alkane; these VOC have not been found in the commercial varieties. On the other hand, the Drymifolia variety is characterized by its phenolic content, various fatty acids and acetogenins. These chemical components have also been associated with various health benefits such as anticancer activity in colon, prostate and K562 cells, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. This has led to the interest in promoting its use as an ingredient, additive or phytopharmaceutical in the food or biotechnology industry.

RESUMEN La caracterización y evaluación de recursos fitogenéticos a partir de su contenido de ácidos grasos y compuestos orgánicos volátiles (COV) permiten determinar su utilidad potencial. Se han realizado pocos estudios recientes relacionados con los COV encontrados en el aguacate, los cuales pueden variar dependiendo del lugar de origen, genética y fenotipos. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue presentar el estado del arte de la fitoquímica del aguacate criollo comparado con variedades comerciales. Se encontró que los COV le confieren un perfil de aroma que identifica a diversas variedades y que los ácidos grasos son responsables de la síntesis de algunos COV. En la hoja de aguacate criollo se identificaron 26 COV, siendo 8 monoterpenoides, 7 sesquiterpenos, 6 fenilpropanoides, 1 acetato y 4 alcanos; estos COV no se han encontrado en las variedades comerciales. Por otro lado, la variedad Drymifolia se caracteriza por su contenido fenólico, diversos ácidos grasos y acetogeninas. Dichos componentes químicos también se han asociado con diversos beneficios a la salud, como actividad anticancerígena en colon, próstata y células K562, actividad antiinflamatoria y antioxidante. Ello ha propiciado el interés de fomentar su uso como ingrediente, aditivo o fitofármaco en la industria alimentaria o biotecnológica.

ABSTRACT Currently, the participation of the endocannabinoid system in metabolic regulation is undeniable; because its hyperactivation has been related to several pathologies such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, retinopathy and non-alcoholic fatty liver, and others. These pathologies are related through alterations in lipid metabolism, e.g. over stimulation of fatty acid synthesis, beta-oxidation decrease, hyperglycemia increase, all these changes are caused by increase in gluconeogenesis, as well as glycolysis, processes in which the SEC has been described as a main character. On the other hand, some phytochemicals such as mangiferin (MGF) have shown their pharmacological effects on lipid metabolism, as well as glycemic control. So far, the effect of mangiferin on cannabinoid receptors is unknown. In this review, we try to demonstrate how mangiferin and these receptors participate in the opposite manner in the adaptation of lipid metabolism in many organs like as liver, tissue adipose and SN (nervous system). In addition, we suggest, based on the published information to until now, a relationship between the MGF´s effect on the SEC.

RESUMEN Actualmente es innegable la participación del sistema endocannabinoides (SEC) en la regulación metabólica; ya que su sobre estimulación ha sido relacionada con varias patologías entre las que se encuentran obesidad, diabetes mellitus, retinopatía e hígado graso no alcohólico. Éstas se relacionan mutuamente a través de alteraciones del metabolismo de los lípidos, como lo es una sobre estimulación de la síntesis de ácidos grasos, una disminución en la beta-oxidación, hiperglicemia causada por un aumento de la gluconeogénesis, así como en la glucólisis; procesos en los cuales se ha descrito al SEC como un participante crucial. Por otro lado, algunos compuestos fitoquímicos, tales como la mangiferina (MGF), han probado sus efectos farmacológicos en el metabolismo de lípidos a nivel hepático y en el control glicémico. Hasta el momento se desconoce el efecto de la mangiferina sobre los receptores de endocannabinoides, por lo que esta revisión aborda la regulación a nivel sistémico (órganos y tejidos) y central (sistema nervioso) de la lipogénesis por el SEC y la regulación negativa que tiene la mangiferina sobre éste. Finalmente se sugiere, con base en la información publicada hasta el momento, una relación entre el posible efecto que pueden tener la MGF sobre el SEC.

We present a study whose purpose was to identify the perception and professional concepts which the primary school teachers have about intercultural education. Currently, cultural diversity is a characteristic of our society that is manifested in our schools, it is necessary to opt for an intercultural education as a pedagogical approach most appropriate to meet the multicultural reality of our society. In this sense, the teacher plays a key role in implementing the intercultural model. This research was conducted from a sample of 107 teachers in 15 schools distributed by Murcia (Spain), having used a methodological approach of quantitative descriptive survey type and used as a tool for gathering information, a questionnaire, with the aim of extracting the maximum information. The study reveals that there are multiple ways to understand and undertake intercultural education from the perspective of teachers from classrooms and schools.

Se presenta un estudio cuya finalidad ha sido conocer la percepción sobre las concepciones profesionales que poseen los docentes de educación primaria ante la educación intercultural. La diversidad cultural es una característica de nuestra sociedad que se manifiesta en nuestras escuelas, por ello es necesario optar por una educación intercultural como enfoque pedagógico más adecuado para atender dicha realidad, siendo el profesor el agente nuclear para implementar el modelo intercultural. Este estudio se ha realizado a partir de una muestra de 107 profesores de 15 centros de educación primaria (Región de Murcia, España). Se ocupó un planteamiento metodológico descriptivo de corte cuantitativo y de tipo encuesta, además de un cuestionario (escala Likert) como instrumento para recoger información. El estudio revela que existen múltiples formas de entender y acometer la educación intercultural, según la perspectiva de los docentes, desde las aulas y los centros, con diferentes aspectos problemáticos y controvertidos.

This is the case of a male aged three years referred to genetics consultation by an ophthalmology specialist. He came to consultation due to palpebral ptosis and after an exhaustive assessment it was detected a complicated picture with many ophthalmologic alterations thus authors decide the remission. After corresponding research, functional and anatomical alterations were confirmed during its development and in postnatal status allowed us to conclude that it was an alcoholic fetal syndrome, previous differential diagnosis with other diseases.

Se presenta el caso de un varón de tres años de edad, que fue remitido a la consulta de genética por la especialista de oftalmología. Acudió a consulta por ptosis palpebral y después de la valoración exhaustiva se detectó un cuadro complejo, con multiplicidad de alteraciones oftalmológicas por lo que se decidió la remisión. Después de la investigación correspondiente, se constataron alteraciones funcionales y anatómicas, tanto durante su desarrollo prenatal como postnatal, que permitieron concluir que se trataba de un síndrome fetal alcohólico, previo diagnóstico diferencial con otras enfermedades.